![]() The concept, claims Paul Horsch, has caused exceptional difficulties for modern commentators and translators. There have been numerous, conflicting attempts to translate ancient Sanskrit literature with the word dharma into German, English and French. There is no equivalent single-word synonym for dharma in western languages. It is difficult to provide a single concise definition for dharma, as the word has a long and varied history and straddles a complex set of meanings and interpretations. It has multiple meanings in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. Definition ĭharma is a concept of central importance in Indian philosophy and religion. In the Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription he used the Aramaic word קשיטא ( qšyṭ’ truth, rectitude). In the 3rd century BCE the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka translated dharma into Greek and Aramaic and he used the Greek word eusebeia (εὐσέβεια, piety, spiritual maturity, or godliness) in the Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription and the Kandahar Greek Edicts. In some contemporary Indian languages and dialects it alternatively occurs as dharm. In Prakrit and Pali, it is rendered dhamma. In Classical Sanskrit, and in the Vedic Sanskrit of the Atharvaveda, the stem is thematic: dhárma- ( Devanagari: धर्म). It is semantically similar to the Greek themis ("fixed decree, statute, law"). Figuratively, it means "sustainer" and "supporter" (of deities). In the Rigveda, the word appears as an n-stem, dhárman-, with a range of meanings encompassing "something established or firm" (in the literal sense of prods or poles). It is derived from an older Vedic Sanskrit n-stem dharman-, with a literal meaning of "bearer, supporter", in a religious sense conceived as an aspect of Rta. From this, it takes the meaning of "what is established or firm", and hence "law". The word dharma has roots in the Sanskrit dhr-, which means to hold or to support, and is related to Latin firmus (firm, stable). The antonym of dharma is adharma.Įtymology The Prakrit word " dha-ṃ-ma"/ □□□ ( Sanskrit: Dharma धर्म) in the Brahmi script, as inscribed by Emperor Ashoka in his Edicts of Ashoka (3rd century BCE) : 55 As with the other components of the Puruṣārtha, the concept of dharma is pan-Indian. The ancient Tamil text Tirukkuṟaḷ, despite being a collection of aphoristic teachings on dharma ( aram), artha ( porul), and kama ( inpam), : 453 : 82 is completely and exclusively based on aṟam, the Tamil term for dharma. The concept of dharma was in use in the historical Vedic religion, and its meaning and conceptual scope has evolved over several millennia. In Sikhism, dharma indicates the path of righteousness, proper religious practices, and performing one's own moral duties. Dharma in Jainism refers to the teachings of Tirthankara ( Jina) and the body of doctrine pertaining to the purification and moral transformation of humans. In Buddhist philosophy, dhamma/dharma is also the term for " phenomena". In Buddhism, dharma refers to " cosmic law and order", as expressed by the teachings of the Buddha. The concept is believed to have a transtemporal validity, ![]() ![]() This includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and "right way of living". In Hinduism, dharma denotes behaviours that are considered to be in accord with Ṛta-the "order and custom" that makes life and universe possible. It is a key concept with multiple meanings in the Indian religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, among others. Duties, such as learning from teachers ĭharma ( / ˈ d ɑːr m ə/ Sanskrit: धर्म, romanized: Dharma, pronounced i Pali: Dhamma) although no single-word translation exists for dharma in European languages, the term is commonly understood as referring to "order and custom" that sustain life, "virtue", or "religious and moral duties".
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